BERTRAND ARTHUR WILLIAM RUSSELL, 3rd Earl Russell, OM FRS (1872-1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, essayist, social critic, political activist, and Nobel laureate. Born on May 18, 1872 in Monmouthshire, Wales into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in the United Kingdom, he won a scholarship in 1890 to study Maths at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a B.A. in 1893, and became a Fellow in 1895. He also developed a love of literature and a lifelong interest in politics, primarily from a liberal, socialist perspective. In 1903 he published Principia Mathematica, which gained him worldwide fame in the field of maths. He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1908 and a lecturer at Cambridge University in 1910. He went on to teach at many other institutions, including Harvard, Peking, Chicago, London, Oxford and UCLA. During WWI, Russell engaged in pacifist activities and formed the ‘No Conscription Fellowship.’ After the war, he visited Russia in 1920 and wrote a book, The Practise and Theory of Bolshevism, criticising Communism. By WWII, Russell changed his pacifist stance and in 1945 published the bestseller, A History of Western Philosophy. He became a noted intellectual celebrity, often appearing on BBC programmes such as The Brains Trust and the Third Programme to discuss various topical and philosophical subjects. In 1950 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in recognition of his writings that championed humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought. He published his three-volume autobiography in 1967, 1968, and 1969. Russell died at his home in Wales on February 2, 1970, aged 97. EMANUEL HALDEMAN-JULIUS (1889-1951) was a Jewish-American socialist writer, atheist thinker, social reformer and publisher. He is best remembered as the head of Haldeman-Julius Publications, the creator of a series of pamphlets known as “Little Blue Books.”